|
References
1. Acheson MB, Livingston RR, Richardson ML, et al: High-resolution CT scanning in the evaluation of cervical spine fracture: comparison with plain film examinations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148:1179-85, 1987
2. Bachulis BL, Long WB, Hynes GD, et al: Clinical indications for cervical spine radiographs in the traumatized patient. Am J Surg 153:473-8, 1987
3. Bayless P, Ray VG: Incidence of cervical spine injuries in association with blunt head trauma. Am J Emerg Med 7:139-42, 1989
4. Beers GJ, Raque GH, Wagner GG, et al: MR imaging in acute cervical spine trauma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:755-61, 1988
5. Beirne JC, Butler PE, Brady FA: Cervical spine injuries in patients with facial fractures: A 1-year prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:26-9, 1995
6. Borock EC, Gabram SG, Jacobs LM, et al: A prospective analysis of a two-year experience using computed tomography as an adjunct for cervical spine clearance. J Trauma 31:1001-6, 1991
7. Cadoux CG, White JD, Hedberg MC: High-yield roentgenographic criteria for cervical spine injuries. Ann Emerg Med 16:738-42, 1987
8. Chee SG: Review of the role of magnetic resonance imaging in acute cervical spine injuries. Ann Acad Med 22:757-61, 1993
9. Clark CR, Igram CM, el-Khoury GY, et al: Radiographic evaluation of cervical spine injuries. Spine 13:742-7, 1988
10. Cohn SM, Lyle WG, Linden CH, et al: Exclusion of cervical spine injury: A prospective study. J Trauma 31:570-4, 1991
11. Cooper PR: Management of Posttraumatic Spinal Instability. Park Ridge, AANS:1-181, 1990
12. Davis JW, Parks SN, Detlefs CL, et al: Clearing the cervical spine in obtunded patients: The use of dynamic fluoroscopy. J Trauma 39:435-8, 1995
13. Davis JW, Phreaner DL, Hoyt DB, et al: The etiology of missed cervical spine injuries. J Trauma 34:342-6, 1993
14. Domeier RM, Evans RW, Swor RA et al: Prospective validation of prehospital spinal clearance criteria. [Abstract] Acad Emerg Med 2:335, 1995
15. Domeier RM, Evans RW, Swor RA, et al: Mechanism of injury is not a factor in prehospital clinical evaluation of potential spine injury. [Abstract] Prehospital Disaster Medicine 11:114, 1996
16. Domeier RM, Evans RW, Swor RA, et al: High-risk criteria for performing prehospital spinal immobilization in trauma. [Abstract] Ann Emerg Med 25:141-2, 1995
17. el-Khoury GY, Kathol MH, Daniel WW: Imaging of acute injuries of the cervical spine: Value of plain radiography, CT, and MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164:43-50, 1995
18. Fischer RP: Cervical radiographic evaluation of alert patients following blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 13:905-7, 1984
19. Freemyer B, Knopp R, Piche J, et al: Comparison of five-view and three-view cervical spine series in the evaluation of patients with cervical trauma. Ann Emerg Med 18:818-21, 1989
20. Gabram SGA, Schwartz RJ, Jacobs LM: The impact of a cervical spine radiographic protocol on cost and prophylactic spinal immobilization. Ann Emerg Med 18:453, 1989
21. Gbaanador GB, Fruin AH, Taylon C: Role of routine emergency cervical radiography in head trauma. Am J Surg 152:643-8, 1986
22. Gerrelts BD, Petersen EU, Mabry J, et al: Delayed diagnosis of cervical spine injuries. J Trauma 31:1622-6, 1991
23. Goldberg AL, Rothfus WE, Deeb ZL, et al: The impact of magnetic resonance on the diagnostic evaluation of acute cervicothoracic spinal trauma. Skeletal Radiol 17:89-95, 1988
24. Greenberg SB, Atmar RL: Infectious complications after head injury. In Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT (eds): Neurotrauma. New York: McGraw-Hill:703-22, 1996
25. Hills MW, Deane SA: Head injury and facial injury: Is there an increased risk of cervical spine injury. J Trauma 34:549-54, 1993
26. Hoffman JR, Schriger DL, Mower W, et al: Low-risk criteria for cervical-spine radiography in blunt trauma: A prospective study. Ann Emerg Med 21:1454-60, 1992
27. Holliman CJ, Mayer JS, Cook RT, et al: Is the anteroposterior cervical spine radiograph necessary in initial trauma screening? Am J Emerg Med 9:421-5, 1991
28. Jacobs LM, Schwartz R: Prospective analysis of acute cervical spine injury: A methodology to predict injury. Ann Emerg Med 15:44-9, 1986
29. Jergens ME, Morgan MT, McElroy CE: Selective use of radiography of the skull and cervical spine. West J Med 127:1-4, 1977
30. Kirshenbaum KJ, Nadimpalli SR, Fantus R, et al: Unsuspected upper cervical spine fractures associated with significant head trauma: Role of CT. J Emerg Med 8:183-98, 1990
31. Kreipke DL, Gillespie KR, McCarthy MC, et al: Reliability of indications for cervical spine films in trauma patients. J Trauma 29:1438-9, 1989
32. Kulkarni MV, Bondurant FJ, Rose SL, et al: 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of acute spinal trauma. Radiographics 8:1059-82, 1988
33. Lewis LM, Docherty M, Ruoff BE, et al: Flexion-extension views in the evaluation of cervical-spine injuries. Ann Emerg Med 20:117-21, 1991
34. Lindsey RW, Diliberti TC, Doherty BJ, et al: Efficacy of radiographic evaluation of the cervical spine in emergency situations. South Med J 86:1253-5, 1993
35. MacDonald RL, Schwartz ML, Mirich D, et al: Diagnosis of cervical spine injury in motor vehicle crash victims: How many x-rays are enough? J Trauma 30:392-7, 1990
36. Mace SE: Emergency evaluation of cervical spine injuries: CT vs plain radiographs. Ann Emerg Med 14:973-5, 1985
37. Mace SE: Unstable occult cervical-spine fracture. Ann Emerg Med 20:1373-5, 1991
38. Malomo AO, Shokunbi MT, Adeloye A: Evaluation of the use of plain cervical spine radiography in patients with head injury. East African Med J 72:186-8, 1995
39. McNamara RM, O'Brien MC, Davidheiser S: Post-traumatic neck pain: A prospective and follow-up study. Ann Emerg Med 17:906-11, 1988
40. McNamara RM, Heine E, Esposito B: Cervical spine injury and radiography in alert, high-risk patients. J Emerg Med 8:177-82, 1990
41. Mirvis SE, Diaconis JN, Chirico PA, et al: Protocol-driven radiologic evaluation of suspected cervical spine injury: Efficacy study. Radiology 170:831-4, 1989
42. Mower WR, Hoffman JR, Schriger DL: The feasibility of selective radiography in patients with trauma-induced neck pain. Ann Emerg Med 19:1220-1, 1990
43. Neifeld GL, Keene JG, Hevesy G, et al: Cervical injury in head trauma. J Emerg Med 6:203-7, 1988
44. Przybylski G, Marion DW: Injury to the vertebrae and spinal cord. In Moore EE, Mattox KL, Feliciano DV (eds): Trauma. Englewood Cliffs, Appleton and Lange, 1996
45. Rachesky I, Boyce WT, Duncan B, et al: Clinical prediction of cervical spine injuries in children. Radiographic abnormalities. Am J Dis Child 141:199-201, 1987
46. Reid DC, Henderson R, Saboe L, et al: Etiology and clinical course of missed spine fractures. J Trauma 27:980-6, 1987
47. Reiss SJ, Raque GH Jr, Shields CB, et al: Cervical spine fractures with major associated trauma. Neurosurgery 18:327-30, 1986
48. Ringenberg BJ, Fisher AK, Urdaneta LF, et al: Rational ordering of cervical spine radiographs following trauma. Ann Emerg Med 17:792-6, 1988
49. Roberge RJ, Wears RC: Evaluation of neck discomfort, neck tenderness, and neurologic deficits as indicators for radiography in blunt trauma victims. J Emerg Med 10:539-44, 1992
50. Roberge RJ, Wears RC, Kelly M, et al: Selective application of cervical spine radiography in alert victims of blunt trauma: A prospective study. J Trauma 28:784-8, 1988
51. Ross SE, O'Malley KF, Delong WG, et al: Clinical predictors of unstable cervical spinal injury in multiply injured patients. Injury 23:317-9, 1992
52. Ross SE, Schwab CW, David ET, et al: Clearing the cervical spine: Initial radiologic evaluation. J Trauma 27:1055-60, 1987
53. Roth BJ, Martin RR, Foley K, et al: Roentgenographic evaluation of the cervical spine. A selective approach. Arch Surg 129:643-5, 1994
54. Saddison D, Vanek VW, Racanelli JL: Clinical indications for cervical spine radiographs in alert trauma patients. Am Surg 57:366-9, 1991
55. Schleehauf K, Ross SE, Civil ID, et al: Computed tomography in the initial evaluation of the cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med 18:815-7, 1989
56. Shaffer MA, Doris PE: Limitation of the cross table lateral view in detecting cervical spine injuries: A retrospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med 10:508-13, 1981
57. Silberstein M, Tress BM, Hennessy O: Prevertebral swelling in cervical spine injury: Identification of ligament injury with magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol 46:318-23, 1992
58. Streitwieser DR, Knopp R, Wales LR, et al: Accuracy of standard radiographic views in detecting cervical spine fractures. Ann Emerg Med 12:538-42, 1983
59. Sweeney JF, Rosemurgy AS, Gill S, et al: Is the cervical spine clear? Undetected cervical fractures diagnosed only at autopsy. Ann Emerg Med 21:1288-90, 1992
60. Tehranzadeh J, Bonk RT, Ansari A, et al: Efficacy of limited CT for nonvisualized lower cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. Skeletal Radiol 23:349-52, 1994
61. Williams J, Jehle D, Cottington E, et al: Head, facial, and clavicular trauma as a predictor of cervical-spine injury. Ann Emerg Med 21:719-22, 1992
62. Woodring JH, Lee C: Limitations of cervical radiography in the evaluation of acute cervical trauma. J Trauma 34:32-9, 1993
|