Bias, Discrimination and Abuse
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- Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training
- Hu YY, Ellis RJ, Hewitt DB, Yang AD, Cheung EO, JT Moskowitz, Potts JR, Buyske J, Hoyt DB, Nasca TJ, Bilimoria KY.
- N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 31;381(18):1741-1752.
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Rationale for inclusion: This paper is the largest and most comprehensive survey study of resident experiences in training (99.3% response) with regard to discrimination harassment and abuse. It demonstrates widespread and persistent discrimination based on gender and race, similar to other surveys going back decades, links this to burnout and suicidal ideation, and critically, shows large heterogeneity between programs suggesting some departments have successfully addressed some forms of abuse while others have not.
Citations - To review the number of citations for this landmark paper, visit Google Scholar.
- Recognizing and Reacting to Microaggressions in Medicine and Surgery
- Torres MB, Salles A, Cochran A.
- JAMA Surg. 2019 Sep 1;154(9):868-872.
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Rationale for inclusion: Description and recommendations for identifying and responding to discriminatory behaviors frequently encountered in medical and surgical practice
Citations - To review the number of citations for this landmark paper, visit Google Scholar.
- Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
- National Academy of Sciences
- National Academies of Sciences, E. and Medicine (2018). Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press.
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Rationale for inclusion: Most comprehensive report available on the pervasive nature of sexual harassment in the sciences including medicine, including recommendations for change.
Citations - To review the number of citations for this landmark paper, visit Google Scholar.
- National Survey of Burnout among US General Surgery Residents
- Elmore LC, Jeffe DB, Jin L, Awad MM, Turnbull IR.
- J Am Coll Surg. 2016 Sep;223(3):440-51.
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Rationale for inclusion: A national survey of surgical residents showing an astonishing 69% of surgical residents demonstrating symptoms of burnout on at least one scale with women reporting higher rates.
Citations - To review the number of citations for this landmark paper, visit Google Scholar.
- Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions
- Lai C, Marini M, Lehr S, Cerruti C, Shin JE, Joy-Gaba J, Ho A, Teachman B, Wojcik SP, Koleva S, Frazier RS, Heiphetz L, Chen E, Turner R, Haidt J, Kesebir S, Hawkins CB, Schaefer H, Rubichi S, Sartori G, Dial CM, Sriram N, Banaji MR, Nosek BA.
- J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014 Aug;143(4):1765-85.
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Rationale for inclusion: From Brian Nosek of Project Implicit and the Center for Open Science Reproducibility Project, the project was a competetion to identify strategies most effective at reducing implicit bias. The data demonstrates most interventions were ineffective, however, experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, evaluative conditioning methods, and arming subjects with strategies to override biases resulted in measureble decreases in bias.
Citations - To review the number of citations for this landmark paper, visit Google Scholar.